浅谈高考英语阅读理解细节理解题解题定位技巧
浅谈高考英语阅读理解细节理解题解题定位技巧
孟唯唯
细节理解题也叫事实细节题，是高考阅读理解题型中考察最多，占分值最重的一个。基本上细节理解都能在原文中找到参考信息和依据。而考试中时间有限，如何快速定位到参考答案和依据是至关重要的。本文分别从篇章结构和句子中“特色”成分定位以及事实细节题选项特点三个方面来探讨细节理解题的解题定位技巧。
一．篇章策略
篇章策略（text strategy） 是Enkvist(1975)提出的术语，是篇章生产中的一个重要概念，指篇章生产者在篇章生产中根据交际目的对组篇所做的总体决策和选择，是为一定的目的而对决策参项（decision parameters）所做的权衡（Enkvist, 1987）。篇章结构，可分为以下五种,本文将结合部分高考真题对五种篇章结构及其在细节理解题的解题过程中发挥的作用予以分析。
（1）Problem-solution Pattern(问题-解决模式)
Situation(情形)
↓
Problem(问题)
↓
Response(反应)
Positive Result(积极结果) Negative Result(积极结果)
Positive Evaluation(积极评价optional) Negative Evaluation(消极评价optional)
Sample：(2014新课标全国卷I阅读理解B)
｛Passenger pigeons（旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks（群）so large that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.｝(situation)
｛Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’ need for wood, which scattered（驱散）the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.｝(problem)
｛In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons, but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. ｝(response )The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in September 1, 1914.｝(result)
1.In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons _______. (定位situation部分)
A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of America
C. did great harm to the natural environment D. Were the largest population in the US
2.What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons? （定位problem 部分）
A. To seek pleasure. B. To save other birds.
C. To make money. D. To protect crops.
3.What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan? （定位result部分）
A. It was ignored by the public. B. It was declared too late.
C. It was unfair. D. It was strict.
(2)Claim-counterclaim Pattern(主张-反应/反主张模式 或 立论-驳论模式)
Situation(optional)
↓
Claim(主张)
↓
Reason for Claim（主张原因）
↓
Denial or Negative Evaluation of Claim（对主张的否认或否定评价）
↓
Reason for Denial（否认原因）
↓
Correction（更正）
↓
Reason for Correction（更正原因）
Sample:(2015高考安徽卷阅读理解C）
｛As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less?｝(claim) ｛If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain?｝(reason for claim)｛Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.｝ (denial)
｛In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.
In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts.｝(reasons for denial) ｛When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互记忆)"｝(correction)
｛According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.｝(reasons for correction)
64. The passage begins with two questions to ______. （定位claim 及reason for claim, claim是为了引出denial部分即the main topic)
A. introduce the main topic B. show the author's altitude
C. describe how to use the Interne. D. explain how to store information
65. What can we learn about the first experiment?(定位reasons for denial 部分）
A. Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer.
B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.
C. The first group did not try to remember the formation.
D. The second group did not understand the information.
66. In transactive memory, people ______. (定位correction部分）
A. keep the information in mind B. change the quantity of information
C. organize information like a computer D. remember how to find the information
67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research? (定位reasons for correction部分）
A. We are using memory differently. B. We are becoming more intelligent.
C. We have poorer memories than before. D. We need a better way to access information.
(3)Narrative Pattern(叙事模式)
Six Factors: When/ Where/ Who/ What/ Why/ How
Sample:(2015新课标全国卷II阅读理解A)
｛My color television has given me nothing but a headache.｝(what) I(who) was able to buy it a little over ｛a year ago｝(when) because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of clothes that wouldn’t fit. ｛I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.｝(why) I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautiful when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
｛Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static(静电) noise. For some reason, when certain shows switched into a commercial, a loud noise would sound for a few seconds. Gradually, this noise began to appear during a show, and to get rid of it, I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work, and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.
When neither of these methods removed the static noise, I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my first, and it stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me $62, and the sit is working well now, but I keep expecting more trouble. ｝(how)
21. Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?(定位why部分）
A.He got an older model than he had expected.
B.He couldn’t return it when it was broken.
C.He could have bought it at a lower price.
D.He failed to find any movie shows on it.
23. How did the author finally get this TV set working again?(定位how部分）
A.By shaking and hitting it
B.By turning it on and off
C.By switching channels
D.By having it repaired
24. How does the author sound when telling the story?(定位what部分）
A.Curious B.Anxious
C.Cautious D.Humorous
(4)Question-answer Pattern
Situation(情形)(optional)
↓
Question(问题)
↓
Answer(回答)
Rejection(反对) Positive Evaluation(积极评价)
Sample:
｛Why do plants grow in some places and not in others? Why does some land have so much growing on it, while other land has almost no plants growing on it at all. ｝(question)
｛To grow, plants need several things.｝(general answer) ｛One is warmth.｝(specific answer 1) ｛In very cold places almost nothing grows.｝(rejection) ｛Plants also need water.｝(specific answer 2)｛In very dry parts of the Earth only a few unusual plants can grow.｝(rejection) That's why dry deserts everywhere are almost not covered by trees or grass.
｛Plants must also have a place in which to put down their roots and grow.｝(specific answer 3) They find it difficult to grow on hard land. (rejection) The town is built on hard land. The plants here can only grow in the soil between the cracks (缝隙) of the stones.
｛Another thing plants must have before they can grow is food. ｝(specific answer 4)
｛What will happen if we try to make things grow on the sandy beach? A few plants, such as beach grass, will grow in sand, but most plants won't.｝(rejection) Even if the weather is warm enough and we water the plants each day, many of them will die because the sand on this beach has almost no food for plants.
1. According to the passage, plants can grow ______. (定位question部分）
A. nowhere B. somewhere C. anywhere D. everywhere
2.According to the passage , plants need ________things to grow.(定位answer尤其 specific answer 部分）
A. two B. three C. four D. Five
3. Plants like to grow in_________ soil.(定位specific answer 3 及 rejection 部分）
A. dry B. hard C. soft D. hot
(5)General-specific Pattern(概括-具体 或 一般-特殊模式)
General Statement（概括性论述）
↓
Specific Statement1（具体论述1）
↓
Specific Statement2（具体论述2）
↓
Etc…
↓
General Statement（概括性论述）
或
General Statement（概括性论述）
↓
Specific Statement（具体论述）
↓
Even More Specific （更具体论述）
↓
Etc…
↓
General Statement（概括性论述）
Sample:(2015高考陕西卷阅读理解C)
｛The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance.｝(general statement)
｛On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other special(物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many special are quickly dying out.｝(specific statement 1)
｛On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.｝(specific statement 2)
｛Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.｝(specific statement 3)
｛It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.｝(general statement / conclusion)
57. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
二．“特色”定位：
考生可以通过锁定题目中一些特征明显的“特色”成分来迅速定位事实细节题在文中的参考信息。
（1）观察题干：题干中含有数字、日期、大写首字母的人名、地名、专有名词以及引号等是寻找正确答案的路标，可以帮你在在密密麻麻的单词和字母中迅速定位到参考答案和依据。
（2）利用已有语言表达经验定位：比如：如果看见代词，可以推断这个人或物在文中的这个位置不是第一次出现。如果要找他、她、它最初的相关事件就得去往前去找名词而非代词。再如：某人物第一次出现时不论英语还是汉语我们都会用全名，第二次或往后几次出现时，我们会用姓氏或者名来指代。所以查找信息时亦可以此为线索。
（3）养成良好的阅读习惯：信息题如广告、海报阅读中注意标注出重点的、关键的时间、地点、票价、折扣、注意事项等信息。
（4）阅读时标记出以下三类词：时间和概念名词、极端词和程度词（原文中的程度词可能会被选项变成极端词）、逻辑词和关系词。
三．题设特点：
1.事实细节题正确选项的特征：
（1）对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。
（2）词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
（3）语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。
（4）正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。
（5）再现原文。
2.事实细节题干扰项的特征：
（1）将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。
（2）把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。
（3）无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
（4）偷换概念。选项看似原文再现，实则不然。
（5）张冠李戴。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。
（6）文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。
3. 细节理解题常考察的位置
（5）引言处：考察某人观点
Sample：
(2014新课标全国卷2阅读理解B)Since the first Earth Day in 1970,American have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment . “We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment,let alone that there was a problem with it,”says Bruce Anderson,president of Earth Day USA.
According to Anderson , before 1970, Americans had little idea about ___
A. the social movement (无中生有) B. recycling techniques （范围缩小）
C. environmental problems （同义替换） D. the importance of \Earth Day （文不对题）
解析： 通过数字1970将参考信息定位到第一段。选项中environmental problems 与原文中 a problem with it(environment) 属同义替换。题干中had little idea about 与文中didn’t know也属同义替换，所以可知出题者在引言处设题，答案显而易见。
通过篇章结构的熟悉，学生可以在判断文章结构后，迅速定位事实细节题所在的段落进而定位所需信息。题目中一些特征明显的“特色”成分在紧张有限的时间里可以帮助考生迅速定位答案，节约考生时间。对于英语基础薄弱的考生来说，题目中的“特色”成分会使得原本枯燥冗长的英语阅读变得有诀窍可循，有头绪可抓，有兴趣去做。考生了解了事实细节题的选项特点和设题规律也可以帮助他们甄别选项，做到知己知彼百战不殆。
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