句子结构及成分

 

一. 句子成分

现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。

主语：主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所叙述的主体，表示所说的是“谁”或是“什么”

谓语：谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，即主语“做什么”或“怎么样”。

表语：表语位于系动词的后面，用来说明其主语的身份、特征和状态。

宾语：宾语是句子中谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。

宾语补足语：是对宾语的补充，说明宾语怎么样或做什么。

定语：用来修饰名词或代词。

状语：用来修饰动词，形容词、副词或整个句子。说明事件发生的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况。

1.You should study hard.

2.My brothers are all college students.

3.I wrote a letter last night.

4.They have carried out the plan successfully.

5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.

6.I don’t believe in(介) that man.

7.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.

8.Would you please pass me the dictionary?

9.All of us considered him honest. 

10. I had my wallet stolen on a bus yesterday afternoon.

 

一、主语

  主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。

可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。

练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当

1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2. We often speak English in class.

3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5. Smoking does harm to the health.

6. The rich should help the poor.

7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.

9.  That he isn’t at home is not true

练习2. 改错

1) Do exercise every day is good for your health.

2) That what he said isn’t true.

3) He came late made his teacher angry.

4) On the desk is two books.

二、谓语：

谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

  He practices running every morning.

  He reads newspapers every day.

2、复合谓语：

（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

My sister is crying over there.

I have been waiting for you all the time.

I would stay at home all day.

（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。

如：We are students.

Your idea sounds great.

 

三．表语：

表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

1) Our teacher of English is an American.

2) Is it yours?

3) The weather has turned cold.

4) The speech is exciting.

5) Three times seven is twenty one?

6) His job today is to teach grammar.

7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football.

8) The machine must be under repair.

9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.

10) We tasted the food and it tasted delicious.

11) The story sounds very interesting.

12) He looked unhappy at that time.

四 、宾语：

宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构,

1) They planted many trees yesterday.

2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.

4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

5) I wanted to buy a car.

6) I enjoy listening to popular music.

7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.

五、宾语补足语：

英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

1) His father named him Dongming.

2) They painted their boat white.

3) Let the fresh air in.

4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5) We saw her entering the room.

6) We found everything in the lab in good order.

7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.

8) I want your homework done on time.

六、主补：

对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。

He was elected monitor.           

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

七、定语：修饰某个名词或代词的成分。

1. Tom is a handsome boy.

2. His boy needs Tom's pen.

3. The boy in blue is Tom.

4. The boy needs a ball pen.

5. The boy there needs a pen.

6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.

7. There is nothing to do today.  

8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.

9. There are five boys left.

10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.

11. The boy you will know is Tom.

12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

13. He is reading an article about how to learn English.

14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.

八 状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：

练习：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语

1. How about meeting again at six? 

2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.

3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.

4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.

5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.

8. The boy needs a pen very much.

9. The boy really needs a pen.

10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

11. She works very hard though she is old.

12. I am taller than he is.

13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.

14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.  

15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.

 

九 同位语

同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：

We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）

We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）

It’s good for us students.

1． The young man, ___ ,works in the office.

A. me brother       B. my brother       C. my brothers     D. me

2.  Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang       B. Mrs. Wangs      C. Mrs. Wang's .    D. of him

3.  ___, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
A. Them           B. He              C. They          D. Theirs

 

1. We've worked for 5 hours

2. Time flies

3. Gradually a smile appeared on her face

4. I did well in English.

5. The room soon became crowded.

6. He is a student. 

7. She likes English.

8. My brother hasn't done his homework..

9. I showed him my pictures.

10. We saw him out

11. What makes him think so?

12. He pushed the door open.

13. The students study hard.

14. Miss Smith teaches English very well.

15. They don't swim very well.

16. If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

17. You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

18. To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）

19. We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）

20. To see is to believe.

21. Helping animals is helping people.

22. You’d better go over the lesson.

23. Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.

24. He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.