名 词

 

[ Teaching  Goals] 1. Review the basic use of noun.                 

                2. Review the basic use of noun.

[ Teaching  Importance] Grasp the rules of countable nouns.                     

[ Teaching  Difficulties]Nouns used as attributive.

一、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：

1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing， Tom， the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)

姓氏名如果采用复数形式，则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义)，如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil， family， man， foot.

普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词，如： box， child， orange;

▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water， news， oil， information 。

二、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：

①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps，boy→ boys，horse→ horses， table→ tables.

②s，o，x ，sh，ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes， box→boxes， hero→heroes， dish→dishes， bench→benches.

[注]：少数以o结尾的词，变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos， piano→pianos.

③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加es。如：families，cities，parties.

④以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v，再加es。如：shelf→shelves， wolf→wolves， life→lives， knife→knives.

2、不规则变化：man→men， woman→women， sheep→sheep，tooth→teeth， fish→fish， child→children， ox→oxen， goose→geese

不可数名词一般没有复数形式，说明其数量时，要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice， a piece of paper→three pieces of paper， a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

 

三、名词所有格：

1、 名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法为：

(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节)， my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加’s. 如：

today’s newspaper， ten minutes’ break，China’s population。

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词，一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)。

2、[注解]：

① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺，如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家)， the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时，可以采用 A and B’s 的形式，如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”，称为双重所有格，如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友)， a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

 

四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(如family， class， team， group， row， police， school等)做句子主语时，

① 如果表示整体概念，则谓语用单数形式，如：our class is a very good class.

② 如果表示其中的所有成员时，则谓语用复数形式，如：Class Three have a map of China.

3、Chinese， Japanese， fish， sheep， 等表示单个时谓语用单数，表示许多时，谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. There are some sheep in the yard.

4、maths， news等虽然有s结尾，但不是复数，因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.

5、glasses， shoes， socks， trousers， gloves等名词往往用复数形式，故谓语用复数。如：

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式，跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.  A lot of time was wasted on that work.

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时，谓语原则上用复数，但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时，谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now. Fish and chips is very famous food.

8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的主语决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.

9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时，谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.

10、主语中含有with的短语时，谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.

11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.  Neither you nor I am going there.

12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance。

13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the …。等词语时，谓语的单复数由名词确定，如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.  A third of the students were playing near the lake. All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.但是，population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人)。(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

 

 [Exercises]

Ⅰ.The Best Choice

1.- I have great      in learning maths and I’m so worried. Could you help me ?

  - Sure. I’d be glad to.

  A. Trouble       B.interest         C.joy         D. Fun

2.- Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now ?

  - Sorry, I know nothing about him. We are      .

  A.Friends        B.neighbors       C.classmates   D.strangers

3.- I’m afraid I can’t get there before 9 o’clock.

  - That’s OK .There’s     .

  A.no way        B.no wonder      C.no doubt      D.no hurry

4.The music made me think of the      of a running stream.

  A.shout         B.noise           C.voice         D.sound

5.To keep heathy, we should eat more vegetables and less      .

  A.meat          B.food           C.wine          D.drink                              

6.- Lucy, do you like       ?   - Yes, Most of my clothes are      .

  A.an orange ;an orange              B.orange ;orange  

  C.oranges ; oranges                 D.orange ;an orange              

7.- With whom did you watch 2012 London Olympic Games Opening Ceremony?  --     .

  A.A friend of mine     B.A friend of me    C.A friend of my sister    D.A friend of you

8.Help yourself to      .

  A.some chickens       B.a chicken        C.some chicken         D.any chicken     

9.Which is the way to the      ?

  A.shoe factory         B.shoes factory     C.shoe’s factory         D.shoes’ factory     

10.- What do you call your father’s sisters ?   --        .

  A.Uncles             B.Cousins          C.Aunts               D.Parents

11.Some people ride bikes to work instead of driving in order to reduce      

   Pollution.

  A.water              B.air               C.soil                 D.white

12.It’s only     from my home to the train station.

  A.ten minutes walk                        B.ten-minutes walk

  C.ten minute’s walk                        D.ten minutes’ walk

13.- Oh,dear ! There isn’t enough        for us in the lift.

   - No hurry.Let’s wait for the next.

  A.floor               B.seat              C.room               D.ground

14.- We will have     next week.Where are we going for our holidays?

   - I think we can go to Qingdao.

  A.five-days holiday                        B.a five-day holiday

  C.five-day holiday                         D.a five-days holiday

15.I have first-hand      of taking care of kids.

  A.advice              B.purpose           C.experience          D.dream

16.Now, everybody,please turn to Page      and look at the      picture.

  A.Fifth; five           B.Five; fifth         C.Fifth; fifth          D.Five; five

17.- Here we are.Where does your cousin live, Tom ?   - Oh, he lives on the     floor.

  A.two                B.twice             C.second             D.twos

18.About     of the students in Grade Nine this year were born in the      .

  A.three five; 1996                          B.three fifths; 1990s  

  C.third fifth; 1997                          D.third fifths; 1990s

19.I was     get to school yesterday.

  A.the first one to       B.the first            C.the one first         D.first one

20.- What’s the date today ?        - It’s       .

  A.June one            B.June of first         C.the June first        D.June the first

 

Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks

1.Look! Two      (monkey) are fighting for food over there.

2.She bought some      (tomato) on her way home.

3.The boy hurt one of his      (foot) in the accident.

4.They saw some      (horse) on the hill, but they didn’t see any     (people) around.

5.There are many kinds of English      (dictionary) in this bookstore.

6.They said they would have two     (week) holiday.

7.There are two new      (watch) in the box.

8.     (Frenchman) come from France.They speak French.

9.Jane’s and Jenny’s      (room) are very beautiful and clean.

10.Two      (German) are going to visit our school tomorrow.

 

Ⅲ.Reading passages

   

You’re welcome to choose to enter No.1 Middle School. Now please obey the following rules:

 

  ＊Arrive at school on time.

  ＊You must have your ID card with you at all times at school. You aren’t allowed to go into the school without it.

  ＊Remember to wear your school uniforms inside the school at all times.

  ＊Don’t run in the hallways or the classroom.

  ＊Don’t write or draw on the walls, desks or other things at school.

  ＊Don’t climb onto the roofs of the school buildings or the trees.

  ＊Don’t miss any lessons without a note.

  ＊show good manners at all times.

  ＊No smoking in and out of school.

  ＊No fighting or arguing.

 

(  ) 1. How many rules must No. 1 Middle School students obey ?

   A.Nine           B.Ten           C.Eleven           D.Twelve

(  ) 2.If you      , you will not be allowed to go into the school.

   A.don’t take your ID card            B.run in the hallways

   C.fight or argue                    D.don’t arrive on time

(  ) 3.Which of the following is against the school rules ?

   A.Alice draws some pictures         B.Ann doesn’t take notes in class

   C.Tom smokes on the way to school   D.Sam gets to school on time.

(  ) 4.From the school rules, we know the students have to       at all times.

   A.read their textbooks               B.wear their school uniforms

   C.stay in the classrooms             D.show good manners

(  )5.The school rules probably appear in No. 1 Middle School in       .

   A.September      B.July           C.April            D.February